![]() ![]() When you are using a direct quote, the citation begins after the ending quotation mark. If there is more than one author, separate the names with commas and use an ampersand (&) before the last author. If you use a piece of identifying information in your signal phrase, the remaining information should be included in parentheses at the end of the sentence.Įxample: According to Smith (2016), "Social media is harmful to teens" (p. For example, you can say that according to (year of publication), and then use the quote. When you introduce a quote or paraphrase, you typically include at least some of the information about the resource. If you are using an exact quote, you must also include the page number. In APA style, an author/year system is used. In-text citation gives credit to someone else's work, right in your paper when you use it. If the pages are not consecutive, include all relevant page numbers, separated by commas.Every citation style uses two types of citation: in-text and bibliographic. ![]() For more than four authors, include the name of the first author only, followed by “et al.”Ĭite page numbers using a page range if you are citing multiple consecutive pages. When a source has two or three authors, include each of their names in your in-text citation. Example: Chicago parenthetical citationSystems made of “meaningless” elements acquire meaning through self-reference and the obeyance of formal rules (Hofstadter 1999, 3). Include a comma after the year, but not after the author’s name. These are parenthetical citations containing the author’s last name, the publication date, and, if applicable, a page number or page range. 4).īoth parenthetical and narrative citations are automatically generated when you cite a source using Scribbr’s Citation Generator.Ĭhicago author-date style (not to be confused with Chicago notes and bibliography) uses author-date citations. Example: APA narrative citationJung (2010) argues that each individual is influenced by aspects of a universal “collective unconscious” known as “archetypes” (p. Only the publication date (and page numbers if included) appears in parentheses. In a narrative citation, the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, introducing the cited information with a signal phrase. You can use a mixture of the two in your text. ![]() APA parenthetical citations Author typeĪPA also makes a distinction between parenthetical and narrative citations. When citing specific pages, write “p.” before a single page number and “pp.” before a page range or series of nonconsecutive pages. When a source has more than two authors, include only the first author’s name, followed by “et al.” When a source has two authors, include both names and separate them using an ampersand (&). Example: APA parenthetical citationEach individual is influenced by aspects of a universal “collective unconscious” known as “archetypes” (Jung, 2010, p. These elements should be separated by commas. This means that parenthetical citations should contain the author’s last name, the publication date, and, if applicable, a page number or page range. MLA parenthetical citations Author typeĪPA in-text citations are described as author-date citations. If the pages are not consecutive, include all relevant page numbers, separated by commas. For sources with more than two authors, include only the first author’s name, followed by “ et al.”Ĭite page numbers using a page range if you are citing multiple consecutive pages. When a source has two authors, include both names and put “and” between them. Example: MLA parenthetical citationArt has been deeply impacted by technological advances, which have come to play a significant role in the reproduction of artworks (Benjamin 19). This means that the parentheses contain the author’s last name and a page number or page range. MLA in-text citations are described as author-page citations. Frequently asked questions about parenthetical citations. ![]()
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